Mean

In statistical mathematics, the concept arithmetic mean which is simply known as mean is a special kind of average. Before studying the concept of mean we need to clearly understand the concept of average. An average is the most basic concept of mathematics from which we all are familiar with them from a very early time. Average is the mathematical concept in which we add the multiple but similar kinds of objects after that divide them by the total number of objects.
In mathematical definition we can define the mean as mean is a mathematical concept which has the central tendency of a collection of numbers taken as the sum of the numbers which is divided by the actual size of the collection. The concept of arithmetic mean has the wide area for use like economics, sociology and history. In probability theory, we perform the concept of mean on the weighted value of the variables. In probability these concept are as mean in probability. They are most widely used in the academic field to some extent. The arithmetic mean can be consider as a set of similar kind of data is found by taking the sum of the data and then dividing the sum by the total numbers of values in the set. According to the above definition we can say that a mean can be consider as an average. In the mathematical notation we can define the arithmetic mean as given below: (know more about cbse books, here)
                  A = 1 / r ∑_j=1^r  aj
In the above notation ‘A’ refers as a arithmetic mean. ‘aj’ refers to the sum of all the similar objects. Now we show you how to perform the arithmetic by the example:
Example: suppose in the class there are nine students which obtain the marks in the unit test. The numbers are: 18, 14, 16, 14, 13, 21, 13, 13, 13.  Now we need to calculate the value of the mean?
Solution: In the above marks are given of nine students:
                   18, 14, 16, 14, 13, 21, 13, 13, 13
Now arithmetic mean will be
              18+14+16+14+13+21+13+13+13 / 9 = 15
Form the above calculation we can say that the mean value of nine students marks is 15 and In the next session we will discuss about Tools of data analysis. 

Probability and Statistics

In the mathematical field, there are lots of concepts and lots of theories are defined to solve the problem, which are related to math’s subject. In the real, there are lots of problem related to performing calculation, these calculations are based on several aspect of the mathematics. During the study of mathematics, we can divide the mathematics into several categories that are: arithmetic, geometry, discrete mathematics and statistics. All have the different work area to apply the concept of this mathematics. Here we give you a brief introduction to probability and statistics. Probability and statistics are two different academic topics to study. Statistics is the way to perform the process of analyzing the fact and figures and generate the output. Statistical analysis includes the topic of probability distribution. In the probability and statistic we generally include the experimental part of the statistic subject. This subject asks to perform the repeated calculation of same thing again. The concept of probability and statistics helps the students of Grade IX to understand the basic of this topic. So to remove the problem of repeated calculation statistic subject provide lots of formulas to perform the calculation in the simpler manner and this repeated type of calculation generally known as probability.
In below we show you the perfect example that helps in understanding the concept of probability and statistics. Suppose we toss a coin, now the possibility of getting head is 50% and the possibility of getting tail is also 50%. The formula for performing the probability is: (know more about cbse sample papers 2013, here)
In the mathematics, the numbers of ways to get ‘H’ heads or ‘T’ tails in ‘n’ no of toss is spoken as number of combination of n things taken ‘H’ or ‘T’ at a time. This can be written as:
                                                   (H or T / n)
So, to calculate the probability ‘P’ of given values of ‘H’ and ‘T’ can be performed by:
           Probability =(‘H’ or ‘T’ / n) = (no of ways for an event/ total number of possible outcome)
The probabilities can be described in between the value of 0 to 1. In the next session we will discuss about Mean. 

How to calculate Median

Median is a special kind of average which is used to calculate the average value of the given objects value. In statistics, median can be described as the numerical value which separates the any given sample values into two half. In the concept of statistical average, we generally studied about the three most popular concept that are mean, median and mode. All these are similar kind of average. Here we are going to discussing about the median. Median can be specifies as the middle value in the list of values. In the concept of median, when we perform the total of the list is odd, and then we select the middle entry in the list after sorting the list into the increasing order. Sometime the concept of mean is not performing very well when the sum of the given list is odd. If in case the total of the list are even, the median is equal to the sum of the two middle numbers divided by two. But the operation of median can only be performed by sorting the list into increasing order. There are some of the step that needs to be following while performing the median on the list values. (know more about cbse board papers, here)
These steps are considered as a formula for calculating the median.
(a)     First of all arrange the values in the increasing order.
(b)     After that select the middle value from the list. These values consider as a median of the list.
(c)     If in case the middle value contains two values then divides the sum of these two middle values by two.
Formula of median = L + H / 2
In above L refers to lowest middle value and H refers to larger middle value.
Now we show you the concept of median by performing the example in the below:
Example: Suppose there are five children who have the different amount in there pocket. These are 9, 3, 44, 17 and 15. Now we need to calculate the median of these values?
Solution: In above question given that amount of five children are 9, 3, 44, 17 and 15.
So, first we need to arrange them in increasing order that is:
               3, 9, 15, 17, 44
By following the above sequence of number the median is: 15
In the next session we will discuss about Probability and Statistics. 

Basic constructions

In the previous post we have discussed about Triangle inequality theorem and In today's session we are going to discuss about Basic constructions. Geometry is an important part of the mathematics; in geometry we make many types of figures, angles and lines. So the construction is an art by which we can draw the shapes. Basic constructions in geometry include the construction of the circles, triangles, lines and many types of shapes. And for the basic construction we use some steps that are to be followed for making shapes and also we need some instruments such as compass, ruler, pencil, drafter, dividers, etc.
When we study about the basic constructions in geometry then first we should be familiar with two things,
First one is line bisector and second is angle bisector. With help of angle bisector method we can create many angles like 15Ëš, 30Ëš, 45Ëš, 60Ëš etc. we can construct shapes for the triangle, rectangles etc. but the line bisector and the angle bisector are basic geometry constructions so let us take a look on some steps of the line bisector.
To draw the bisector of a line let us take an example:
i) Draw a line segment AB = 6.5 cm. (know more about cbse syllabus , here)
ii) With ‘A’ as a center and radius equals to more than half of AB, draw two arcs, one above AB and the other below AB.
iii) With ‘B’ as a center and the same radius, draw two arcs, cutting the previously drawn arcs at points ‘C’ and ‘D’ respectively.
iv) Join CD, intersecting at a point AB at a point ‘P’, then, CD bisects AB at a point ‘P’.
For basic constructions of shapes we have to follow some steps.
 Grade IX students can learn basic geometry from above discussion.

Triangle inequality theorem

As we all are very well aware that geometry provides lots of shapes and figures to solve out the problems that are related to mathematics. In mathematics, triangle is a shape that provides the various concepts to solve the problem. Triangle inequality is one of them, which states that the sum of lengths of any two sides of the triangle must be greater than or equal to the length of third side. Euclidean geometry says that triangle inequality is a theorem about the distance. In simple definition of the triangle inequality theorem we can say that the total of any two sides of triangle must be greater than the third side of the triangle. If in case the above theorem is not applied at the time of triangle creation then that figure is not considered as a Triangle. This theorem helps the student of Grade IX to understand the concept.
Suppose a triangle has three sides which named as A, B and C. Now we check that the given triangle is a complete triangle or not by applying the inequality theorem. The Triangle Inequality theorem says that:
B + C > A,
A + B > C,
C + A > B,
If in the given triangle, available values satisfy the above combination or pairs of inequality then the triangle can be considered as complete triangle. In study of Triangle of geometry, we generally study three types of triangle which are equilateral triangle, isosceles triangle and right angle. In all types of triangle we can easily see the operation of triangle inequality theorem. (know more about icse syllabus 2013 , here)
Example: Can a triangle have the side lengths of side 1 = 4cm, side 2 = 8 cm and side 3 = 2cm?
Solution: Now we need to apply the triangle inequality theorem. By applying the Triangle inequality theorem we create three combinations that are given below:
Side 1 + side 3 > side 2,
  4 + 2 > 8,
The first equation get false then we can say that the above given sides are not able to form the triangle.
In the next session we will discuss about Basic constructions. 

Error and magnitude

Error and magnitude can be defined as the difference between the approximate and absolute value that means there are many situations in which the measurement of the value is not absolute due to some instrumental problems, so obtained value is approximate value, in place of absolute value for measuring the difference there are some types of methods, they give the difference between absolute and approximate value that is known as error. It helps students of grade IX to understand the difference between magnitudes of exact and approximate value that is defined as error.
There are basically two types of errors that are relative error and other is absolute error.
Absolute error: This type of error is defined as the difference between the magnitude of exact and approximate value .This is denoted as e (absolute error) = | m – m _approx |.
Where ‘m’ and ‘m _approx’ are the magnitude of exact and approximate values respectively and ‘e’ denotes the absolute error.
Relative error: When absolute error is divided by the magnitude of the exact value or absolute value is known as relative error, it will be denoted as e _relative = | m – m _approx | / m,
Or e _relative = e _absolute / m.
Percentage error: Percentage error is defined as the relative error, it is multiplied by 100 or the percentage error is a relative error that is described in form of per 100.
It is denoted as e % = e _relative * 100 = (| m – m _approx | / m) * 100.
Let us take an example,
Exact value is 90 and approximate value is 89.6 then,
Absolute error = 90 – 89.4 = 0.6,
Relative error = 0.6 / 90,
% error = (0.6 / 90) * 100,
In the next session we are going to discuss Basic constructions.

Angles of triangles and polygons

Hello students here we are going to discuss the angles of triangles and angles of polygons. But before discussing it you should get familiar with the term 'angle'. If two rays OP and OQ have a common end point ‘O’ then it form angle POQ, written as ∠POQ.

Angle may be interior, if any point in its (∠ POQ) plane lies on the same side of OP as Q and also on the same side of OQ as P and exterior of an angle has points in its plane which do not lie on the angle or in its interior.

Angle is of following types such as: right, acute, obtuse, straight, reflex and complete angles.

Let us take a look at Angles of triangles: Suppose we have a triangle ∠ABC, the interior of this triangle is the set of all points in its plane, which lies on the same side of OP as ‘Q’ and also on the same side of OQ as P or in other words if any angle is inside the boundary of the triangle then it said to be interior angle of the triangle and if any angle is outside the boundary of the triangle then it said to be exterior angle

Note: - The interior angles of a triangle can add up to the 180°. (know more about icse class 10 books, here)

Angles of polygons: Polygons are the shapes that have more than two angles or have straight sides. Example triangle, rectangle, and rhombus, etc. Interior angles are those which lie inside the boundary and vice versa.

Note: The exterior angles of a polygon can add up to the 360°.

 Above information will be useful for the Grade IX students.

In the next session we are going to discuss Error and magnitude.

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